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Romanization scheme

The following romanization scheme is used in this book for the transcription and transliteration of Arabic sounds and letters into the Latin script.

consonants

ṣ

s͡h

d͡h

k͡h

ḥ

t͡h

g͡h

ḍ͡h

ṭ

ḍ

vowels

◌َ	◌ُ	◌ِ	◌َا	◌ُو	◌ِي	◌َوْ	◌َيْ
a	u	i	ā	ū	ī	aw	ay

When transcribing example text, the italic Latin script is used, no letters are capitalized, a non-sentence-initial connecting hamzah is transliterated with a hyphen (-), and the lām of the definite article is not transliterated for sun letters. ة is transcribed as h at the end of an utterance, and as t otherwise. For example:

ٱِلْتَقَطَتْ أُمُّ طَلْحَةَ وَٱلْحَسَنِ وَرَقَةَ ٱلشَّجَرَةِ.
ʾiltaqaṭat ʾummu ṭalḥata wa-lḥasani waraqata -s͡hs͡hajarah.

When using Arabic words in the English text, the regular (non-italic) Latin script is used, words are transcribed in pausal pronunciation, word-final ◌ِيّ -iyy is transcribed as “ī”, the first letter of a proper noun is capitalized, word-initial hamzah is not transliterated, the definite article is always transliterated as “al-” with a hyphen following it, as shown. ة is transcribed as “t” in the middle of an annexation, and as “h” otherwise. Accurate romanizations are preferred unless an established and distinctly separate usage is current in English. Examples:

“Ɛalī and Usāmah revised Sūrat al-Ɛankabūt from the Qurʾān in the mosque in the month of Rabīɛ al-T͡hānī.”

“The caliphate moved from al-Madīnah to Damascus.”