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26 The doer participle and the doee participle

FIXME:

move to later chapter, after استفهام because شروط إعمال اسم الفاعل relies on it.
add الصفة المشبهبة verb-like descriptive noun and its عمل
add difference in إعمال اسم الفاعل when it has ال and when without.
add اسم المفعول acting as verb with نائب الفاعل

See + Wright vol. ii. p. 65+, and p. 195. + النحو الوافي vol 3, p. 246+ + Howell vol. 4, p 1606+

26.1 Introduction

In the previous chapter we studied the maṣdar. In this chapter we shall study two more kinds of verbal-nouns. These are the doer participle and the doee participle. These, too, are nouns that can give the meaning of the verb they are derived from. In places, they may even replace the verb, thereby adding some nuances in meaning.

The doer participle gives the meaning of the doer, that is the person doing the action of the verb. For example, for the verb قَرَأَ يَقْرَأُ قِرَاءَةً “to read”, the doer participle is قَارِئ qāriʾ “a reader”.

26.2 Pattern of the doer participle

We saw in the previous chapter that the pattern for the maṣdar for form 1 verbs was very variable. In contrast, the pattern for the doer participle for form 1 verbs is fixed. It is always on the pasttern فَاعِل fāɛil. Also, the doer participle is modified for gender and number. Its forms its feminine by appending ة thus: فَاعِلَة. It takes sound plurals: the -ūn for the masculine, and the -āt plural for the feminine. In many case, it may also have broken plurals. Here is a table showing these modifications for the raised-state. You should be able to extend them for the propped-state and lowered-state.

Number	Masculine	Feminine
singular	فَاعِلٌ fāɛilun	فَاعِلَةٌ fāɛilatun
dual	فَاعِلَانِ fāɛilāni	فَاعِلَتَانِ fāɛilatāni
plural	فَاعِلُونَ fāɛilūna	فَاعِلَاتٌ fāɛilātun

26.3 The doer participle as a noun

Like the maṣdar, the doer participle occupies a place that is between a noun and a verb. The basic, most essential, meaning of the doer participle is that of a noun which denotes the doer of the verb.

So, for example, consider the verb سَأَلَ يَسْأَلُ سُؤَالًا “to question”. Its doer participle is سَائِل. Since it refers to the doer of this verb, we can translate it as “a questioner_m.”.

By itself, the word سَائِل “a questioner” just denotes a noun. It does not indicate when the doer does the action of the verb: has the questioner already asked the question, is he asking it at present, or will he ask it in the future? So, for example, we can say:

سَيَقْدَمُ سَائِلٌ وَسَيَسْأَلُ سُؤَالًا.
sayaqdamu sāʾilun wasayaqdamu suʾālan.
“A questioner_m. will arrive and he will ask a question.”

In the above sentence, the doer participle is being described as performing the action of the verb in the future.

Here is another example:

سَأَلَتِ ٱلْفَقِيهَ سَائِلَةٌ عَنْ أَمْرٍ.
saʾalati -lfaqīha sāʾilatun ɛan ʾamrin.
“A questioner_f. asked the jurist about a matter.”

In the above sentence, the doer participle is being described as having performed the action of the verb in the past.

Doer participles of form 1 verbs, when used with this nounal meaning, often have broken plurals, in addition to their sound plurals. Generally, either could be used in most cases, but the usage of the broken plurals is preferred.

For example, consider the verb قَتَلَ يَقْتُلُ قَتْلًا “to kill (ه s.o.)”. Its doer participle is قَاتِل “a killer_m.”. Its sound plural is قَاتِلُونَ qātilūna and its broken plurals are قُتَّال quttāl and قَتَلَة qatalah. Any of these could be used but the broken plural is often preferred.

هَرَبَ قَتَلَةُ ٱلرَّجُلِ إِلَىٰ مَخْبَئِهِمْ.
haraba qatalatu -rrajuli ʾilā mak͡hbaʾihim.
“The killers of the man fled to their hideout.”

26.4 The doer participle as a verb

We have learned that the essential meaning of the doer participle is the doer of the action of the verb from which it is derived. In addition to this essential meaning, the doer participle can also be used in place of the verb from which it is derived. This is only done when the verb to be replaced is the resembling verb. The doer participle does not replace the past verb. We will now explain this usage.

26.4.1 Usage of the doer participle as a present tense verb

Consider the following sentence:

يَذْهَبُ زَيْدٌ إِلَى ٱلْمَدْرَسَةِ.
yad͡h·habu zaydun ʾila -lmadrasati.
“Zayd goes to school.”

The above sentence does not explicitly specify whether Zayd is actually going to school at present, or that he goes to school habitually and not necessarily right now.

If we wish to indicate that Zayd is actually going to school at present we can replace the resembling verb with the indefinite doer participle. So we get:

زَيْدٌ ذَاهِبٌ إِلَى ٱلْمَدْرَسَةِ.
yad͡h·habu zaydun ʾila -lmadrasati.
“Zayd is going to school.”

Note that the same preposition إِلَىٰ ʾilā “to” is used with the doer participle as is used with the verb. Also note that this is now a subject-comment sentence instead of a verbal sentence. زَيْدٌ zaydun “Zayd” is the subject, and ذَاهِبٌ d͡hāhibun is part of the comment.

This usage of the doer participle to indicate that the action of the verb is ocurring at present is mostly done for what we call verbs of posture and verbs of motion.

Verbs of posture denote a static position or activity of the doer’s body and include verbs like sitting, standing, lying down, sleeping, etc.

Verbs of motion denote a moving action of the doer’s body and include verbs like going, coming, running, etc.

So, if, for example, we say,

زَيْنَبُ جَالِسَةٌ عَلَى هَـٰذَا ٱلْكُرْسِيِّ.
zaynabu jālisatun ɛala hād͡ha -lkursiyyi.
“Zaynab is sitting on this chair.”

this indicates that Zaynab is sitting on this chair at present. And if we say,

تَجْلِسُ زَيْنَبُ عَلَى هَـٰذَا ٱلْكُرْسِيِّ.
tajlisu zaynabu ɛala hād͡ha -lkursiyyi.
“Zaynab sits on this chair.”

this indicates that Zaynab usually sits on this chair.

If this usage of the doer participle to indicate a present action is mostly only for verbs of posture and motion, how then do we indicate this distinction for other verbs? We have answered this in section [TODO: add section to resembling verb] where we said that in order to give the meaning that the action of the verb is happening right now, a verbal sentence can be converted to a subject-comment sentence.

26.4.2 Usage of the doer participle as a future tense verb {Doer participle-for-intended-future-action}

The doer participle may be used in place of the verb it is derived from to indicate an intent on the part of the doer, or to indicate that the action will occur in the future.

This usage of the doer participle is not just for verbs of posture and motion like the present tense usage. Rather, it is for all verbs in general.

And since intention is something that is mostly expressed by the speaker for himself, rather than for someone else, we will often find this usage with the subject أَنَا ʾana “I”.

26.4.2.1 With an indirect doee

Here is an example of the usage of the doer participle as a future tense verb with an indirect doee:

أَنَا ذَاهِبٌ إِلَىٰ بَيْتِ صَدِيقِي فِي ٱلصَّبَاحِ.
ʾana d͡hāhibun ʾilā bayti ṣadīqī fi -ṣṣabāḥi.
“I’m going to go to my friend’s house in the morning.”

In the above sentence it is possible for the phrase فِي ٱلصَّبَاحِ fi -ṣṣabāḥi “in the morning” to be ommitted for the same meaning. In that case, surrounding context could tell us that the person is intending to go in the future, and is not actually in the process of going there at present.

Here is another example (by a female speaker):

عِنْدِي كُرَةٌ فِي ٱلْبَيْتِ فَأَنَا رَاجِعَةٌ إِلَى ٱلْبَيْتِ وَلَاعِبَةٌ بِهَا.
ɛindī kuratun fi -lbayti faʾana rājiɛatun ʾila -lbayti walāɛibatun bihā.
“I have a ball at home, so I’m going to go home and play with it.”

26.4.2.2 Difference with the particles سَـ sa- and سَوْفَ sawfa

We have already learned a method to express a future action using the particles سَـ sa- and سَوْفَ sawfa with the resembling verb. So we could also have said:

سَأَذْهَبُ إِلَىٰ بَيْتِ صَدِيقِي.
saʾad͡h·habu ʾilā bayti ṣadīqī.
“I will to go to my friend’s house.”

The difference between using the particles سَـ sa- and سَوْفَ sawfa and using the doer participle is that using the doer participle signifies more emphasis, or, as a possible consequence of the emphasis, that the action is more imminent. That is:

أَنَا ذَاهِبٌ …
ʾana d͡hāhibun …
“I will [definitely] go …”
or
“I’m going to go …”

سَأَذْهَبُ …
saʾad͡h·habu …
“[Soon] I will go …”

26.4.2.3 With a direct doee

If a verb takes a direct doee, and we wish to use the direct doee with the verb’s doer participle when the doer participle is acting as a verb, then we may deal with it in one of three ways:

The direct doee in propped-state following the doer participle

The most basic method of dealing with a direct doee of a doer participle is by placing it in the propped-state right after the doer participle. Here is an example,

قَدْ دَخَلَ ٱلْمَدِينَةَ رَجُلٌ شَرِيرٌ. هُوَ قَاتِلٌ سُكَّانَهَا.
qad dak͡hala -lmadīnata rajulun s͡harīrun. hua qātilun sukkānahā.
“An evil man has entered the city. He is going to kill its residents.”
The direct doee in lowered-state annexed to the doer participle

The combination of the doer participle and following direct doee in the propped-state is often replaced with an annexation of the doer participle to the lowered-state direct doee. So, for example, instead of the above example, we can say:

قَدْ دَخَلَ ٱلْمَدِينَةَ رَجُلٌ شَرِيرٌ. هُوَ قَاتِلُ سُكَّانِهَا.
qad dak͡hala -lmadīnata rajulun s͡harīrun. hua qātilu sukkānihā.
“An evil man has entered the city. He is going to kill its residents.”

Note that قَاتِلُ سُكَّانِهَا qātilu sukkānihā. can also support the non-verbal meaning of the doer participle: “killer of its residents”, i.e., he has already killed its residents in the past. So, when an annexation is used with a doer participle, we will often need surrounding context to tell us whether the verbal (resembling) meaning is intended, or the noun meaning.

This usage of annexing the doer participle to the lowered-state direct doee instead of employing the more basic usage of the doer participle and a following propped-state direct doee is optional, but fairly common. In fact, when the doer participle is indefinite and tanwīned, and the direct doee begins with ٱَلْ ʾal, then the annexation usage becomes predominant over the basic propped-state usage. So we will be more likely to see:

أَنَا فَاعِلُهُ.
ʾana fāɛiluhu.

instead of:

أَنَا فَاعِلٌ إِيَّاهُ.
ʾana fāɛilun ʾiyyāhu.

for the meaning: “I will do it.” Note again, that the latter sentence could also support the nounal meaning of the doer participle: “I am its doer.”, i.e., “the one who did it.”

Similarly, it will be more common to find:

هُوَ قَاتِلُ ٱلنَّاسِ.
huwa qātilu -nnāsi.

instead of:

هُوَ قَاتِلٌ ٱلنَّاسَ.
huwa qātiluni -nnāsa.

for the meaning: “He is going to kill the people.” Note, once again, that the former sentence also supports the meaning: “He is the people’s killer.”, i.e., “the one who killed them”, and that context would be needed to tell us which of the two meanings is intended.

The annexation of a doer participle to its direct doee in the lowered-state is not the kind of “proper” annexation that we have learned so far. In fact, it is called an improper annexation and we shall study it in more detail in chapter [TODO], if Allāh wills.
Quite similar to what we learned in section (ref) for maṣdars, the direct doee can follow the doer participle in the lowered-state preceded by the preposition لِ li.

This is often optional, as an alternative to the above two methods. For example,

هُوَ قَاتِلٌ لَهُمْ.
huwa qātilun lahum.
“He will kill them.”

Using لِ li in this manner is also a technique to move the direct doee before the doer participle for effect, if desired. For example,

هُوَ لَهُمْ قَاتِلٌ.
huwa lahum qātilun.
“He will kill them.”

26.4.3 The definite doer participle as a verb

So far we have seen only an indefinite doer participle being used with the meaning of an resembling verb. However, the definite doer participle, too, can give this meaning. The meaning is often in the present tense. Here are some examples:

With an indirect doee:

قَدِمَ زَيْدٌ ٱلذَّاهِبُ إِلَى ٱلْجَامِعَةِ.
qadima zayduni -d͡hd͡hāhibu ʾila -ljāmiɛati.
“Zayd, the one who goes to the university, has arrived.”

With a direct doee in the propped-state:

هَرَبْتُ مِنَ ٱلْأَسَدِ ٱلْآكِلُ ٱلْإِنْسَانَ.
harabtu mina -lʾasadi -lʾākilu -lʾinsāna.
“I fled from the lion, the one that eats man.”

With a direct doee in the lowered-state preceded by the preposition لِ li:

سَيَنْجَحُ ٱلطَّالِبُ ٱلتَّارِكُ لِلَّهْوِ.
sayanjaḥu -ṭṭālibu -ttāriku lillahwi.
“The student, the one who leaves idle amusement, will succeed.”

26.4.4 Plurals of the doer participle when used as a verb

We mentioned in section @ref(the-doer participle-as-a-noun) that doer participles when used with their nounal meaning often have broken plurals along with their sound plural. We gave the example of the doer participle قَاتِل qātil “a killer_m.” with the sound plural is قَاتِلُونَ qātilūna and the broken plurals قُتَّال quttāl and قَتَلَة qatalah.

When the doer participle is used as a verb, only the sound plural is permitted to be used, and the broken plurals, if any are not used. So we can only say:

هُمْ قَاتِلُونَ ٱلنَّاسَ.
hum qātilūna -nnāsa.
and
هُمْ قَاتِلُو ٱلنَّاسِ.
hum qātilu -nnāsi.
for
“They will kill the people.”
not, for example
\(\times\) هُمْ قُتَّالٌ ٱلنَّاسَ.

(In the second sentence, the ن of قَاتِلُونَ is ommitted because it is an annexe noun).

26.5 The doee participle

The doee participle for form 1 verbs is on the pattern مَفْعُول mafɛūl. It carries the meaning of the person or thing to whom the action of the verb has been done. For example, the doee participle for the verb قَتَلَ يَقْتُلُ قَتْلًا “to kill (ه s.o.)” is مَقْتُول maqtūl and means “a killed person”.

26.5.1 The plural of the doee participle

The doee participle almost always takes the sound plurals -ūn for masculine intelligent beings, and -āt otherwise. Therefore the plural of the doee participle مَقْتُول maqtūl “a killed person_m.” is مَقْتُولُونَ maqtūlūna “killed persons_m.”. and the plural of the doee participle مَقْتُولَة maqtūlah “a killed person_f.” is مَقْتُولَات maqtūlāt “killed persons_f.”.

There are a only a few doee participles that, as an exception, have broken plurals. The broken plural for these exceptions is than always on the pattern ²مَفَاعِيل mafāɛīl². For example, the doee participle for the verb لَعَنَ يَلْعَنُ لَعْنًا “to curse (ه s.o.)” is مَلْعُون malɛūn “accursed” and its plural is ²مَلَاعِين malāɛīn².

26.5.2 Usage of the doee participle

Much of what has been said regarding the doer participle applies to the doee participle as well: The doee participle may be used with a verbal meaning for the resembling verb only. So if we say:

هُوَ مَقْتُولٌ.
huwa maqtūl

with a verbal meaning, then it means “He will be killed.” And if we say it using its nounal meaning, then it means “He is the person killed.”

26.5.3 The doee participles of indirect doee verbs

Consider the verb سَأَلَ يَسْأَلُ سُؤَالًا “to question (ه عن s.o. about s.th.)”.

Here it is used in a sentence:

سَأَلَ زَيْدٌ زَيْنَبَ عَنْ حَادِثَةٍ.
saʾala zaydun zaynaba ɛan ḥādit͡hah.
“Zayd questioned Zaynab about an accident.”

In this sentence, زَيْدٌ zaydun “Zayd” is the doer. The corresponding doer participle that refers to him is سَائِل sāʾil “a questioner_m.”. Next, زَيْنَبَ zaynaba “Zaynab” is the direct doee. The corresponding doee participle that refers to her is مَسْؤُولَة masʾūlah “a questioned person_f.”. But how, now, do we refer to the indirect doee: حَادِثَةٍ ḥadit͡hatin “an accident”? The answer is that the doee participle referring to this indirect doee is مَسْؤُول عَنْهَا masʾūl ɛanhā “a thing_f. questioned about”.

Let’s analyze this term مَسْؤُول عَنْهَا masʾūl ɛanhā “a thing questioned about” carefully. The first word is مَسْؤُول masʾūl which shall always be singular masculine, regardless of the gender and number of the indirect doee. The second word is عَنْهَا ɛanhā “about it”. Here عَنْ ɛan is the same preposition that has been used with the verb. And هَا hā is the pronoun that refers to the indirect doee حَادِثَةٍ ḥadit͡hatin “an accident”. If the number or gender of the indirect doee were to change then this would be reflected in this pronoun.

So, for example, if we say,

نَظَرَ زَيْدٌ إِلَى ٱلرِّجَالِ.
naḍ͡hara zaydun ʾila -rrijāli.
“Zayd looked at the men.”

then, the doee participle that refers to ٱلرِّجَالِ ʾarrijāli “the men” is مَنْظُور إِلَيْهِمْ manḍ͡hūr ʾilayhim “persons_m. looked at”.

If doee participles of indirect doees are used in sentences then it is the first word (in this case مَنْظُور manḍ͡hūrun) that changes for definiteness and state (but not for gender or number, as already discussed). Here are some examples:

From the verb لَعِبَ يَلْعَبُ لَعِبًا “to play (هـ s.th.)”:

هَـٰذِهِ ٱلْكُرىٰ هِيَ ٱلْمَلْعُوبُ بِهَا.
hād͡hi -lkurā hiya -lmalɛūbu bihā.
“These balls are the ones played with.”

From the verb أَمَرَ يَأْمُرُ أَمْرًا “to order (ه s.o. ب to do s.th.)”:

فَعَلَ ٱلْغُلَامُ ٱلْمأمُورَ بِهِنَّ.
faɛala -lg͡hulāmu -lmaʾmūra bihinna.
“The boy did the [things] ordered to do.”

(Remember that the feminine plural pronouns may be used to refer to plural non-intelligent beings, regardless of their grammatical gender, in order to indicate plurality.)

Having said all this, in practice, you may find that indirect doees are sometimes treated as direct doees when forming their doee participle. This is especially common when forming plurals for terms that are very common. So instead of referring to “[things] ordered to do” in the above example as ٱَلْمأمُورَ بِهِنَّ ʾalmaʾmūra bihinna, you may find the word ٱَلْمَأْمُورَاتِ ʾalmaʾmūrāti used instead.

TODO: The doee participle for indirect doees may have some ambiguity with the doee verbal for direct doees. مسؤول عنه can also be “the person who is asked about it” where the pronoun has been substituted for a noun, for example مسؤول عن الأمر . In this case it is the word مسؤول which will be feminized and pluralized. المسؤولون عنه “the persons asked about it.”

For that matter ساءل عنه is also valid as “the questioner about it”.

26.6 Doer participles and doee participles re-used as adjectival nouns

Doer participles and doee participles are often re-used as adjectival nouns with meanings that are directly formed from their doer participle and doee participle meanings respectively. Here are some examples:

Verb	Doer participle/doee participle	Adjectival noun meaning
نَعُمَ يَنْعُمَ نُعُومَةً “to be soft”	نَاعِم	“soft”
يَبِسَ يَيْبَسُ يُبُوسَةً “to be dried up”	يَابِس	“dried up”
حَضَرَ يَحْضُرُ حُضُورًا “to be present”	حَاضِر	“present (attending)”
جَمَعَ يَجْمَعُ جَمْعًا “to gather (هـ s.th.)”	جَامِع	“comprehensive”
لَمَعَ يَلْمَعُ لَمْعًا وَلَمَعَانًا “to be shiny”	لَامِع	“shiny”
فَتَحَ يَفْتَحُ فَتْحًا “to open (هـ s.th.)”	مَفْتُوح	“open”
شَهَرَ يَشْهَرُ شَهْرًا “to make famous (ه، هـ s.o., s.th.)”	مَشْهُور	“famous”

26.6.1 Genderizability of doer participles and doee participles when re-used as adjectival nouns

When a doer participle or doee participle is re-used as an adjectival noun, then it generally retains its genderizability. For example,

بَابٌ مَفَتُوحٌ
bābun maftūḥun
“an open door”

and

نَافِذَةٌ مَفَتُوحَةٌ
nāfid͡hatun maftūḥatun
“an open window”

If, however, the adjectival noun is only applicable to females, then, only a female adjectival noun is formed but, peculiarly, without the feminine marker ة. The most common example is from the verb: حَمَلَ يَحْمِلٌ حَمْلًا “to carry (هـ s.th.)”. The doer participle is حَامِل ḥāmil “a carrier”. The adjectival noun formed from the doer participle is “pregnant”, but because it is only applicable to females, it does not get the feminine marker ة. For example,

ٱَلْمَرْأَةُ حَامِلٌ.
ʾalmarʾatu ḥāmil.
“The woman is pregnant.”

This does not affect the doer participle when it is not used with this adjectival noun meaning. For example,

ٱَلْمَرْأَةُ حَامِلَةُ ٱلْمَاءِ.
ʾalmarʾatu ḥāmilatu -lmāʾ.
“The woman will carry the water.”
or
“The woman is the water-carrier.”

26.6.2 Corresponding with English adjectives

Sometimes both the doer participle and the doee participle are used in Arabic with distinct meanings where we would use the same word in English. For example, the verb عَقَلَ يَعْقِلُ عَقْلًا ɛaqala yaɛqilu ɛaqlan means “to make sense (هـ of s.th.)”. Its doer participle عَاقِل ɛāqil means “one who makes sense (of something)” and may be re-used as an adjectival noun meaning “sensible” when it refers to a person who makes sense of something. For example,

زَيْدٌ غُلَامٌ عَاقِلٌ.
zaydun g͡hulāmun ɛāqil.
“Zayd is a sensible boy.”

Its doee participle مَعْقُول maɛqūl means “something which makes sense” and may be re-used as an adjectival noun meaning “sensible” when it refers to a something which makes sense. For example,

هَـٰذَا مَنْهَجٌ مَعْقُولٌ.
hād͡hā manhajun maɛqūl.
“This is a sensible approach.”

26.7 Doer participle and doee participles re-used as common nouns

The doer participle is often re-used as a common noun with a meaning that is either directly, or indirectly related to the meaning of the verb. For example, the doer participle of the verb سَأَلَ يَسْأَلُ سُؤَالًا saʾala yasʾalu suʾālan is سَائِل “a questioner” with the sound plural سَائِلُونَ sāʾilūna and the broken plurals سُؤَّال suʾʾāl and سَأَلَة saʾalah.

The word سَائِل sāʾil “a questioner” is re-used with the meaning “a beggar”. The association in meaning is that a beggar continually asks people for money.

The re-use of a doer participle or doee participle as a common noun does not prevent it from continuing to be used with its doer/direct doee or verbal meaning. سَائِل sāʾil may be used to mean both “a questioner” and “a beggar”, and context will help us determine which of the meanings is intended.

When a doer participle is re-used as a common noun then only the broken plural, if it exists, may be used. The sound plural is only permitted to be used if no broken plurals exist. Here are some more examples of doer participles re-used as common nouns:

Verb	Doer participle/doee participle	Plural	Common noun meaning
عَلِمَ يَعْلَمُ عِلْمًا “to know (هـ s.th.)”	عَالِم	²عُلَمَاء	“a scholar”
طَلَبَ يَطْلُبُ طَلَبًا “to seek (هـ s.th.)”	طَالِب	طُلَّاب، طَلَبَة	“a student”
لَعِبَ يَلْعَبُ لَعِبًا “to play (هـ s.th.)”	لَاعِب	لَاعِبُونَ	“a player”
جَمَعَ يَجْمَعُ جَمْعًا “to gather (هـ s.th.)”	جَامِعَة	جَامِعَات	“a university”
جَمَعَ يَجْمَعُ جَمْعًا “to gather (هـ s.th.)”	جَامِع	²جَوَامِع	“a mosque (in which the Friday prayers are performed)”
حَدَثَ يَحْدُثُ حُدُوثًا “to happen”	حَادِثَةٌ	²حَوَادِث	“an accident”
شَرِبَ يَشْرَبُ شُرْبًا “to drink (هـ s.th.)”	شَارِب	²شَوَارِب	“a moustache”
سَحَلَ يَسْحَلُ سَحْلًا “to abrade (هـ s.th.)”	سَاحِلٌ	²سَوَاحِل	“a seashore”
ضَمِنَ يَضْمَنُ ضَمَانًا “to guarantee (هـ s.th.)”	مَضْمُوxk	²مَضَامِين	“a content (of a letter, etc.)”
دَخَلَ يَدْخُلُ دُخُولًا “to enter”	دَاخِل	none	“inside”
خَرَجَ يَخْرُجُ خُرُوجًا “to exit”	خَارِج	none	“outside”

The last two دَاخِلٌ “inside” and خَارِجٌ “outside” are notable. Here, for example, is how they can be used:

غَسَلَ ٱلْكُوبَ مِنْ دَاخِلٍ.
g͡hasala -lkūba min dāk͡hilin.
“He washed the tumbler from inside.”

26.7.1 Genderizability of doer participle and doee participles when re-used as common nouns

When a doer participle or doee participle is re-used as a common noun, then it loses its genderizability. For example, if we wish to say “The building is a university.” we will say:

ٱَلْبِنَاءُ جَامِعَةٌ.
ʾalbināʾu jāmiɛah.
“The building is a university.”

We cannot masculinize جَامِعَة jāmiɛah “a university” to جَامِع jāmiɛ in order to make it match the gender of بِنَاء bināʾ (masc.) “a building”. Were we to do so, then جَامِع jāmiɛ would get interpreted with either:

Its doer participle meaning “a gatherer”:

“The building is a gatherer.”

which doesn’t make sense as a sentence.
Or, with the common noun meaning of جَامِع jāmiɛ, if one happens to exist. There is such a meaning in this case: “a mosque (in which the Friday prayers are performed)”. So then we would get:

ٱَلْبِنَاءُ جَامِعٌ.
ʾalbināʾu jāmiɛun.
“The building is a mosque (in which the Friday prayers are performed).”
Or, with the adjectival noun meaning of جَامِع jāmiɛ, if one happens to exist. There is such a meaning in this case: “comprehensive”. So then we would get:

ٱَلْبِنَاءُ جَامِعٌ.
ʾalbināʾu jāmiɛun.
“The building is comprehensive.”

None of these give the original meaning we intended: “The building is a university.” So, in summary, once a doer participle or doee participle is re-used as a common noun, it loses its genderizability.

Having said this, when a doer participle is re-used as a common noun that applies to humans, both the masculine and feminine common-noun typically exist together. So for example,

عَالِم ɛālim is re-used as the common-noun for “a (male) scholar” with the plural ²عُلَمَاء ɛulamāʾ. And
عَالِمَة ɛālimah is re-used as the common-noun for “a (female) scholar” with the plural عَالِمَات ɛālimāt.

In such cases, i.e., when applicable to humans, the dictionary will generally only list, and supply the definition for the masculine common-noun. The reader is expected to know that its feminine exists and how to form it.

There are exceptions, however. The verb جَرَىٰ يَجْرِي جَرْيًا jarā yajrī jaryan “to run” is formed from the root جري. This is a weak root because of the letter ي in it, and we will study it in more detail later in chapter @ref(roots-with-weak-final-letter). In any case, its feminine doer participle is جَارِيَة jāriyah and is re-used for the common noun meaning “a girl”. The masculine doer participle is not re-used as a common noun for the meaning “a boy”.