29  The pertinence of the preposition

Warning

THIS BOOK IS A WORK IN PROGRESS. IT IS INCOMPLETE AND MAY HAVE TYPOGRAPHICAL AND OTHER ERRORS. IT IS NOT YET READY TO BE STUDIED FROM.

29.1 Pertinence vs government

In the Arabic grammatical model, in order to bring a dispensable caseful element into a sentence, a suitable element of the original sentence must act as governor of the new dispensable element. For example, consider the sentence:

  1. ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ عَمْرًا
    « Zayd beat Ɛamr. »

In example (1) above, the basic sentence, with only indispensable elements is ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ. The caseful noun عَمْرًا is a direct doee, which is a dispensable element. And it can only be added to the basic sentence because it is governed by the verb ضَرَبَ.

Prepositions are particles, not caseful elements. But they can only be added to sentence when they are pertinent to a verb, or a verb-like element, like a maṣdar, doer participle, etc.. Consider the sentence:

  1. مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ
    « I passed by Zayd. »

In example (2) above, the preposition بِ (or the entire prepositional phrase بِزَيْدٍ) is pertinent to the verb مَرَّ. And we will say that the verb مَرَّ is the pertinentee of the preposition (or prepositional phrase).

In this sense, a prepositional phrase can be treated like pseudo-caseful dispensable element. And the verb it is pertinent to, its pertinentee, can (loosely) be considered its governor.1 This similitude between pertinence and government can be seen in the following example:

  1. مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ وَعَمْرًا 2
    [composed from شرح ابن يعيش على المفصل 4/300]
    « I passed by Zayd and Ɛamr. »

In example (3) above, the preposition ب is pertinent to the verb مَرَّ. And once it is added, the second doee عَمْرو can (optionally) be added as a direct doee (in the a-case). So we can say that the prepositional phrase بِزَيْدٍ is like a pseudo-direct doee, And that the verb مَرَّ governs the prepositional phrase بِزَيْدٍ in the a-case.3

Of course the more usual مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ وَعَمْرٍو and مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ وَبِعَمْرٍو are also permitted.

29.2 Prepositions not needing a pertinentee

What we have just said regarding a preposition requiring a pertinentee is true of essential prepositions. An essential preposition is that which, by its addition, gives a distinctly new meaning to the sentence. They are also used to connect an indirect doee to its governing verb. The preposition ب in (2) مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ is an example of an essential preposition.

There also exist non-essential prepositions. These merely give emphasis to an existing meaning in the sentence. Non-essential prepositions do not need a pertinentee. Here is an example of a non-essential preposition:

  1. ما جاء من رجلٍ [استيفاء حالات تعلق الجار والمجرور و الظرف وأثره في المعنى لعلي هاني]
    « Not a man came. »

The preposition مِنْ only emphasizes the meaning of the sentence. If we drop it the basic meaning would remain the same:

  1. ما جاء رجلٌ [استيفاء حالات تعلق الجار والمجرور و الظرف وأثره في المعنى لعلي هاني]
    « Not a man came. »

By the way, مِنْ happens to be a non-essential preposition in the example above. But it may be an essential preposition in other sentences. For example:

  1. خَرَجَ زَيْدٌ مِنَ ٱلْبَيْتِ
    « Zayd came out from the house. »

29.3 Valid pertinentees of the preposition

The preposition is usually pertinent to a verb, as in example (2) above. Besides the verb, the preposition can also be pertinent to verb-like nouns. Such nouns include:

The ism_fi3l

For example:

  1. نَزَالِ فِي الْبَاخِرَةِ [النحو الوافي 2/440]
    « Descend into the steamship! »
    The preposition فِي is pertinent to the ism_fi3l نَزَالِ.
The maṣdar

For example:

  1. السُّكُوت عَنِ السَّفِيهِ جَوَابٌ [النحو الوافي 2/440]
    « Being quiet with the foolish one is an answer. »
    The preposition عَنْ is pertinent to the maṣdar السُّكُوت.

The one-time noun, noun of manner, mīmi maṣdar, and manufactured maṣdar are also included in this category.4

The deverbal nouns

The deverbal nouns include the doer participle, doee participle, static adjectival noun, etc. Here are some examples:

  1. أَنا سَائِرٌ فِي الطَّرِيقِ [معاني النحو 3/113]
    « I am travelling in the path. »
    The preposition فِي is pertinent to the doer participle سَائِر.

  2. فَرِحِینَ بِمَاۤ ءَاتَىٰهُمُ ٱللَّهُ مِن فَضۡلِهِۦ [سورة آل عمران 3:170]
    « Rejoicing in what Allāh has bestowed upon them of His bounty. »
    The preposition بِ is analyzed to be pertinent to the static adjectival noun فَرِحِينَ.5

By the way, one of the conditions that allow deverbal nouns (not defined by ال) to govern a a-case governee is that they must signify an imperfect (progressive or future) aspect, not a perfect aspect (see Section 27.5). So, for example, we cannot say:

  1. ✗ هَذَا ضَارِبٌ زَيْدًا أَمْسِ [شرح ابن عقيل على الألفية 3/106]
    « This [person] beat Zayd yesterday. »

However, in the case of a preposition being pertinent to a deverbal noun, it seems that it can do so with a perfect aspect. For example:

  1. أَتَانِي اللَّيْلَةَ آتِيَانِ فَابْتَعَثَانِي، فَانْتَهَيْنَا إِلَى مَدِينَةٍ مَبْنِيَّةٍ بِلَبِنِ ذَهَبٍ وَلَبِنِ فِضَّةٍ [صحيح البخاري :4674]
    « Two [persons] came to me last night (in my dream) and they took me. We came to a city built with gold bricks and silver bricks. »
    مَبْنِيَّة has a perfective aspect, yet بِ is pertinent to it.

Similarly, in the āyah:

  1. أَتَعۡلَمُونَ أَنَّ صَـٰلِحࣰا مُّرۡسَلࣱ مِّن رَّبِّهِۦۚ [سورة الأعراف 7:75]
    « Do you [actually] know that Ṣāliḥ is sent from his Lord? »

the preposition مِنْ is analyzed to be pertinent to the doee participle مُرْسَلٌ.6

Some deverbal nouns do not govern a a-case governee, like the noun of time and the noun of place. However, some grammarians still allowed prepositions to be pertinent to them.7 Others disagreed and did not permit them to do so.8 Examples:

The noun of time
  1. انقضى مسعاك لتأييد الحق [النحو الوافي 2/440]
    « Your [period of] effort for aiding the truth has ended. »
The noun of place
  1. رأيت مدخلك إلى الدار [حاشية الصبان على شرح الأشمونى لألفية ابن مالك 2/443]
    « I saw your [place of] entrance to the house. »
A primitive noun when used metaphorically

A preposition may also be pertinent to a non-deverbal noun if it is used methaphorically with an adjectival meaning. For example:

  1. هُوَ أَسَدٌ فِي الْمَعْرَكَةِ [معاني النحو 3/113]
    « He is a lion in the battle. »
    The preposition فِي is pertinent to أَسَدٌ because it means « brave » here.

29.4 Multiple prepositions pertinent to the same pertinentee

Multiple prepositions, as long as they are different, can all be pertinent to the same pertinentee with no problem. For example:

  1. مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ فِي ٱلْبَادِيَةِ
    « I passed by Zayd in the desert. »

In example (17) above, both فِي and بِ are pertinent to the verb مَرَّ.

If the multiple prepositions are the same, then in general they may not be pertinent to the same pertinentee.9 So we can’t say:

  1. ✗ مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ بِعَمْرٍو [شرح التصريح وحاشية ياسين 1/378]
    « I passed by Zayd by Ɛamr. »
    (although, separting the second preposition with a conjunction is of course allowed: مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ وَبِعَمْرٍو.)

But if the same preposition is used with different meanings then it is permissible for them all to be pertinent to the same pertinentee. For example:

  1. مَرَرْتُ بِزَيْدٍ بِٱلْبَادِيَةِ [شرح التصريح وحاشية ياسين 1/378]
    « I passed by Zayd in the desert. »

If the first preposition restricts the verb, and the second preposition is applied after the verb has been restricted, then too may the multiple same prepositions be used.10 For example:

  1. كُلَّمَا رُزِقُوا۟ مِنۡهَا مِن ثَمَرَةࣲ رِّزۡقࣰا [سورة البقرة 2:25]
    « Whenever they are provided with a provision of fruit therefrom »
    (The first مِنْ restricts the pertinentee verb رُزِقُوا to ٱلْجَنًّات « the gardens ». And the second مِنْ is restricted to « the fruit of the gardens. »11)

29.5 A meaningful connection between the preposition and its pertinentee

In order for a prepositional phrase to be pertinent to a pertinentee, there needs to be a meaningful connection between them.12

Consider the following example:

  1. شَبَّهْتُ خَالِدًا وَهُوَ يَجُودُ بِمَالِهِ بِٱلْبَحْرِ [معاني النحو 3/131]
    « I likened K͡hālid, while he (was) being generous with his wealth, with the ocean. »
    (The و in وَهُوَ يَجُودُ is translated as « while ». See section (ref).)

In the above example, the prepositional phrase بِٱلبَحْرِ « with the ocean » is meaningfully connected to the verb شَبَّهَ « to liken » not with the verb يَجُودُ « to be generous ». Therefore, the prepositional phrase بِٱلبَحْرِ, is pertinent to the verb شَبَّهَ, not the verb يَجُودُ.

Similarly, the prepositional phrase بِمَالِهِ « with his wealth » is meaningfully connected to the verb يَجُودُ « to be generous », not with the verb شَبَّهَ « to liken ». Therefore, the prepositional phrase بِمَالِهِ, is pertinent to the verb يَجُودُ, not the verb شَبَّهَ.

Here is another example:

  1. ٱلۡیَوۡمَ یَىِٕسَ ٱلَّذِینَ كَفَرُوا۟ مِن دِینِكُمۡ [سورة المائدة 5:3 cited by معاني النحو 3/131]
    « This day those who disbelieve have despaired of [defeating] your religion; »

In the above example, the prepositional phrase مِنْ دِينِكُمْ “of your religion is meaningfully connected to the verb يَئِسَ « to despair », not with the verb كَفَرَ « to disbelieve » Therefore, the prepositional phrase مِنْ دِينِكُمْ is pertinent to the verb يَئِسَ, not the verb كَفَرَ.13

29.6 The intransitive verb with a preposition: the indirect doee

In theory, prepositions impart their own meanings.14 And there is no restriction on which prepositions may be used with a given governing verb (or verbal noun), as long as the prepositional phrase be meaningfully connected with its governor.15

The following examples show a possible set of prepositions that are meaningfully governed by the verb ٱنْصَرَفَ « to turn around, leave »:

  1. ٱنْصَرَفَ إِلَىٰ مَصْنَعِهِ [النحو الوافي 2/161]
    « He left to his workplace. »

  2. ٱنْصَرَفَ مِنَ ٱلْمَصْنَعِ إِلَىٰ بَيْتِهِ [النحو الوافي 2/161]
    « He left from the workplace to his house. »

  3. ٱنْصَرَفَ ٱلْعَالِمُ عَنِ ٱلْهَزْلِ [النحو الوافي 2/161]16
    « The scholar left off joking. »

  4. ٱنْصَرَفَ فِي سَيَّارَتِهِ [النحو الوافي 2/161]
    « He left in his caravan. »

Having said that, in practice, certain verbs are more meaningfully connected with certain prepositions, sometimes almost to the exclusion of others.17 For example, the verb أَقْسَمَ « to swear » requires the preposition بِ in order to transit to what is being sworn by.18 For example,

  1. أقسم بالله [أسرار العربية للأنباري 203]
    « I swear by Allāh »

The combination of a verb and its governed preposition can even acquire a specific meaning. Consider, for example, the verb وَجَدَ. It’s basic meaning is « to find ». It may be used with prepositions like بِ, عَلَىٰ, فِي with this basic meaning. For example:

  1. وَجَدْتُ ٱلْكِتَابَ بِجَهْدٍ
    « I found the book with effort. »

  2. وَجَدْتُ ٱلْكِتَابَ فِي ٱلْبَيْتِ
    « I found the book in the house. »

  3. وَجَدْتُ ٱلْكِتَابَ عَلَى ٱلْخِزَانَةِ
    « I found the book on the cupboard. »

But this verb also has specific meanings when used with these prepositions and certain indirect doees (albeit possibly with different maṣdars). For example:

  1. وَجَدَ عَلَيْهِ [Lane: root وجد]
    « He was angry with him. »

  2. وَجَدَ بِهَا [Lane: root وجد]
    « He loved her. »

  3. قَدْ وَجَدَ فِي نَفْسِهِ عَلَىَّ [صحيح مسلم :1649b]
    « he may have some feelings against me »

In such cases, the preposition almost seems to lose some of its independent meaning. Instead, the meaning of the expression is obtained from the combination of the verb with the prepostion.

29.7 General existence

Consider the sentence:

  1. زَيْدٌ فِي ٱلدَّارِ [شرح ابن عقيل على الألفية 2/211]
    « Zayd is in the house. »

We mentioned in section (ref) above, that a preposition needs to be pertinent to a verb (or a verb-like noun). But we find no such pertinentee in the sentence above. So how then can the preposition فِي be justified?

In order to remain consistent with the Arabic grammatical model, we taqdīr a pertinentee. This taqdīred pertinentee is called general existence.

In the Arabic grammatical tradition, general existence is represented by the verb ٱسْتَقَرَّ or its doer participle مُسْتَقِرّ, or by the word كَائِن, which is the doer participle of the verb كَانَ. We will often represent it in translation, when needed, as « being ».

Using this representation of general existence, the taqdīr of example (34) above is:

  1. زَيْدٌ [مُسْتَقِرٌّ] فِي ٱلدَّارِ
    « Zayd is [being] in the house. »

The word « being » is not really needed in the translation because the verb « is » conveys the same concept. But we have added it to explicate the involvement of general existence in the grammar of the sentence.

Note that taqdīring general existence in a sentence as we did in example (35) above is not same as if the words ٱسْتَقَرَّ « to settle », مُسْتَقِرّ « settled », or كَائِن « being » were actually expressed in surface speech. When expressed in surface speech, they impart their own meaning. For example

  1. زَيْدٌ مُسْتَقِرٌّ فِي ٱلدَّارِ
    « Zayd is settled in the house. »

When using ٱسْتَقَرَّ, مُسْتَقِرّ, and كَائِن to represent general existence, we only do so because we need some words to express this concept and these words give a meaning which is near enough (see Section 25.7.2.2). In fact, according to the prevalent opinion among the grammarians, general existence can only be taqdīred.19 If one of these (or any other) words is actually expressed, then it will impart a specific meaning, not the meaning of general existence. Having said that, some grammarians did permit general existence to be expressed in surface speech.20

29.8 General existence as the info of a sentence

The taqdīr of general existence in the sentence in example (34) زَيْدٌ فِي ٱلدَّارِ solves another problem for us. The preposition is a dispensable element. So if we remove it (and the following i-case noun ٱلدَّار) from the sentence, we should still be left with a complete sentence. Let’s try doing that:

  1. زَيْدٌ [مُسْتَقِرٌّ]
    « Zayd is [being]. »

See how the general existence serves as the indispensable leaning element: the info. If we were to not taqdīr general existence, we would be left with a grammatically incomplete sentence.

We also take this opportunity to explain an apparent inconsistency. Back in chapter (ref), we had said that a prepositional phrase can be the info of a sentence. We now state that, strictly speaking, it is the (taqdīred) pertinentee of the prepostion which is the info. But because the actual info is taqdīred and is not expressed, we can say, loosely speaking, that the prepositional phrase is the info.

This approach of applying a terminological label differently when loosely speaking vs when strictly speaking is common.21 We will see other examples of it in sections (refs) if Allāh wills.

29.9 Other taqdīred pertinentees besides general existence

While general existence is necessarily taqdīred and never expressed (see section (ref) above), other pertinentees of prepositions too may be optionally taqdīred. This is done on the condition that that the overall meaning or context supplies the meaning of the taqdīred pertinentee.22 For example:

  1. ٱلۡحُرُّ بِٱلۡحُرِّ [سورة البقرة 2:178 cited by النحو الوافي 2/447]
    « the free for the free »

In the above example, the info has been analyzed as the taqdīred pertinentee يَقْتَصُّ « is retributed against » or يُقْتَلُ « is killed ». So the taqdīr of example (38) is:

  1. الحُرُّ يَقْتَصُّ أوْ يُقْتَلُ بِالحُرِّ [تفسير ابن عاشور for سورة البقرة 2:178]
    « the free is retributed against, or killed, for the free. »

29.10 The prepositional phrase as a attribute

Consider the sentence

  1. رأيتُ طائرًا على الغصن [استيفاء حالات تعلق الجار والمجرور و الظرف وأثره في المعنى لعلي هاني]
    « I saw a bird on the branch. »

Now the logical assumption is that the bird was on the branch, not that I was seeing on a branch. So this means that the preposition عَلَىٰ is not meaningfully connected with the verb رَأَىٰ. Therefore, عَلَىٰ cannot be pertinent to رَأَىٰ.23 So what then is the pertinentee the preposition عَلَىٰ.

Here again, we use general existence, as if to say:

  1. رأيتُ طائرًا [مُسْتَقِرًّا] على الغصن
    « I saw a bird [being] on the branch. »

The preposition عَلَىٰ is pertinent to general existence [مُسْتَقِرًّا]. General existence is also a attribute to the direct doee طَائِرًا. But because the taqdīred general existence is not expressed, we may say, loosely speaking, that the prepositional phrase is the attribute.

In order for a prepositional phrase to be a attribute, its attributee will usually be an indefinite noun, like طَائِرًا is in example (40) above. In the case where the prepositional phrase occurs after a definite noun, (like in رأيتُ ٱلطائر على الغصن) it will typically be analyzed as a ḥāl. We will discuss this in more detail in chapter (ref) section (ref) if Allāh wills.

Here are some more examples of prepositional phrases as attributes:

  1. كَمَثَلِ جَنَّةِۭ بِرَبۡوَةٍ [سورة البقرة 2:265]
    « like a garden on high ground »
    (بِرَبْوَةٍ is analyzed as a attribute.24)

  2. رَبَّنَا وَٱبۡعَثۡ فِیهِمۡ رَسُولࣰا مِّنۡهُمۡ [سورة البقرة 2:129]
    « Our Lord, and send among them a messenger from themselves »
    (مِنْهُمْ is analyzed as a attribute.25)

When a prepositional phrase is, loosely speaking, a attribute, it is typically pertinent to general existence.26. However, it is conceivable that the pertinentee of the preposition be analyzed, if not formally, then at least in meaning, as some other verb (or verb-like noun).27 For example:

  1. فِی تِسۡعِ ءَایَـٰتٍ إِلَىٰ فِرۡعَوۡنَ وَقَوۡمِهِۦۤۚ [سورة النمل 27:12]
    « [These are] among the nine signs [you will take] to Pharaoh and his people. »

In one interpretation of the above āyah, the prepositional phrase إِلَىٰ فِرْعَوْنَ « to Pharoah » has been analyzed as a attribute of ءَایَاتٍ « signs ». The taqdīr is:

  1. وَاصِلَةٌ إِلَى فِرْعَوْنَ28 [التبيان في إعراب القرآن للعكبري 2/1005]
    « arriving to Pharoah »

Here is another example:

  1. فَزَادَتۡهُمۡ رِجۡسًا إِلَىٰ رِجۡسِهِمۡ [سورة التوبة 9:125]
    « it has [only] increased them in evil [in addition] to their evil »

In the above āyah, the prepositional phrase إِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ « to their evil » has been analyzed as attribute of رِجْسًا « evil ». The taqdīr is:

  1. كُفْرًاً مَضْمُومًا إِلَىٰ كُفْرِهِمْ [الكشاف للزمخشري for سورة التوبة 9:125]
    « in disbelief in addition to their disbelief »

29.11 The word-order for different categories of attributes

TODO

When a attributee is described by more than one attribute and النحو الوافي 3/496

29.12 The prepositional phrase in other functions

Besides the info and the attribute a prepositional phrase may also occur as a ḥāl and a connecting sentence.29 We will cover these two remaining topics in their respective chapters in sections (ref) and (ref) respectively.

29.13 Word order of the preposition and its pertinentee

A prepositional phrase may freely precede its pertinentee.30 This may be done for a number of purposes:

To limit and particularize the effect of the pertinentee to the noun following the preposition.31

For example:

  1. وَمِنْهُ تَفَجَّرُ أَنْهَارُ الْجَنَّةِ [صحيح البخاري :2790]
    « and from it originate the rivers of Paradise »

  2. وَعَلَى ٱللَّهِ فَلۡیَتَوَكَّلِ ٱلۡمُؤۡمِنُونَ [سورة آل عمران 3:122 cited by معاني النحو 3/121]
    « and upon Allāh the believers should rely. »

For drawing attention to the noun following the preposition32

  1. وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُونَ خَبِیرࣱ [سورة آل عمران 3:180 cited by معاني النحو 3/123]
    « And Allāh, of what you do, is [fully] Aware. »

  2. أَلِهَـٰذَا جَمَعْتَنَا [صحيح البخاري :4770]
    « Is it for this (that) you have gathered us? »

  3. وَبِٱلۡأَسۡحَارِ هُمۡ یَسۡتَغۡفِرُونَ [سورة الذاريات 51:18]
    « And in the hours before dawn they would ask forgiveness »
    (The prepositional phrase بِٱلْأَسْحَارِ is placed not just before its pertinentee in the info يَسْتَغْفِرُونَ, but also before the subject هُمْ.)

The placement of preposition (and also the adverbs of time and place (section ref)), is especially flexible compared to other governees.33 Even when the placement of the governees of a governor might be restricted in general, a license is often given to prepositions. For example, we saw in section (ref), that when a doer participle is prefixed with ال, then its governees may not precede it. So for example, we cannot say ✗ هذا زيدا الضارب. We have to say instead ✓ هذا الضارب زيدا. But an exception is made for the preposition which is pertinent to the doer participle. So we can say:

  1. أنا لك المرافق [النحو الوافي 3/263]
    « I am, for you, the travelling companion. »

We will see, in sections (refs) if Allāh wills that the governee, in this case, are permitted to be placed where other types of governees are not.

TODO: Add content to:

  • إِنَّ and its sisters: ibn_aqil 1/278 fn; 1/349
  • كَانَ and its sisters كان زيد آكلا طعامك
  • Ḥijāzi مَا: sharh uthaymeen 22/4 (مكا بي أنت معينا)

  1. النحو الوافي 2/437; معاني النحو 3/116; See also Owens, The foundations of grammar 177↩︎

  2. Not all grammarians permit this. See استيفاء حالات تعلق الجار والمجرور و الظرف وأثره في المعنى لعلي هاني footnote 34 for details.↩︎

  3. See also Kasher, “The term al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr” §3.1 124 citing ابن جني; النحو الوافي 2/439; Owens, The foundations of grammar 176 citing المبرد, ابن جني, الزجاجي.↩︎

  4. النحو الوافي 2/440 footnote 1↩︎

  5. الجدول في إعراب القرآن لمحمود صافي for سورة آل عمران 3:170↩︎

  6. الجدول في إعراب القرآن لمحمود صافي for سورة الأعراف 7:75↩︎

  7. النحو الوافي 2/440 citing حاشية الصبان على شرح الأشمونى لألفية ابن مالك 2/443↩︎

  8. الخصائص لابن جني 2/209↩︎

  9. النحو الوافي 2/444 footnote 3↩︎

  10. النحو الوافي 2/444 footnote 3↩︎

  11. الكشاف للزمخشري for سورة البقرة 2:25↩︎

  12. النحو الوافي 2/442D–445, معاني النحو 3/131–133↩︎

  13. الدر المصون للسمين الحلبي for سورة المائدة 5:3↩︎

  14. Kasher, “The term al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr” §2.7 124↩︎

  15. النحو الوافي 2/161↩︎

  16. See also لَمَّا كَانَ يَوْمَ أُحُدٍ انْهَزَمَ النَّاسُ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صلى الله عليه وسلم [صحيح البخاري :4064]↩︎

  17. Kasher, “The term al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr” §3.3↩︎

  18. Kasher, “The term al-fiʿl al-mutaʿaddī bi-ḥarf jarr” §3.3 129 citing ابن الأنباري↩︎

  19. النحو الوافي 1/477↩︎

  20. شرح ابن عقيل على الألفية 2/211 footnote↩︎

  21. النحو الوافي 1/215, 2/118, 2/442↩︎

  22. النحو الوافي 2/447 footnote↩︎

  23. استيفاء حالات تعلق الجار والمجرور و الظرف وأثره في المعنى لعلي هاني↩︎

  24. البحر المحيط لأبي حيان for سورة البقرة 2:265↩︎

  25. البحر المحيط لأبي حيان for سورة البقرة 2:129↩︎

  26. أوضح المسالك لابن هشام 2/285, شرح ابن عقيل على الألفية 1/213↩︎

  27. النحو الوافي 2/447 footnote↩︎

  28. But see also الدر المصون للسمين الحلبي for سورة النمل 27:12 where this interpretation is critiqued.↩︎

  29. النحو الوافي 2/441–442↩︎

  30. النحو الوافي 2/444A↩︎

  31. معاني النحو 3/121↩︎

  32. معاني النحو 3/121↩︎

  33. شرح الرضي على الكافية 1/289D–290A↩︎